On July 19, 1545, King Henry VIII stood at Southsea Castle and watched his favorite warship go into battle against a French invasion fleet. Her name was the Mary Rose. She had served him for over 30 years. Then, in front of the king, she sank. Nobody knows exactly why. The most common explanation is that she made a sharp turn, leaned over hard, and water poured in through her open gunports. She went down in minutes. Around 400 to 500 men were on board. Fewer than 40 survived. One big reason was the netting stretched over the open decks to stop enemy boarding parties. It trapped the crew as the ship went under. According to one account, her commander, Vice Admiral George Carew, shouted to another ship just before she sank that he had the sort of knaves he could not rule. She sank into the soft silt of the Solent. Half the hull rotted away over the centuries. The other half, the side buried in mud, was preserved, along with almost everything inside it. Divers found her again in 1971. After years of excavation, she was lifted out of the water on October 11, 1982. Tens of millions of people watched it on television. Inside was a frozen moment from Tudor England. About 19,000 objects. More than 130 longbows and thousands of arrows. Before this, almost no medieval English longbows had survived at all. Bronze and iron cannons. Swords, pikes, and armor. And the everyday stuff. Combs, dice, shoes, a barber-surgeon's tools, musical instruments, and the skeleton of the ship's dog, who seems to have been kept to catch rats. The crew came up too. Researchers found that some of the men had shoulder bones changed by years of drawing heavy war bows. They were the archers. The hull spent decades being sprayed with water and then wax-like chemicals so it wouldn't crumble as it dried. It's now on display in Portsmouth, a short distance from where it sank. Henry watched his flagship and hundreds of his men disappear in a few minutes. Almost 440 years later, they came back up.