Multiple sclerosis is entering a new era: from controlling relapses to preventing progression. Progression independent of relapse activity means that disability can slowly accumulate even when there are no obvious attacks or new MRI lesions. This concept is reshaping how we think about multiple sclerosis (MS). Hauser describes in a new review paper in the The New England Journal of Medicine how our understanding of MS has evolved from a disease defined by relapses to one driven by both inflammation and neurodegeneration. Key points: - Epstein-Barr virus infection has emerged as one of the strongest environmental risk factors linked to MS development. - Highly effective B cell therapies targeting CD20 can reduce new inflammatory lesions by approximately 99% and have transformed outcomes for relapsing MS. - Despite these remarkable advances, silent progression and neurodegeneration continue in many individuals and these remain the field's greatest unmet challenge. My take: This review captures one of the most important shifts in modern neurology. For years we celebrated preventing relapses and reducing MRI lesions. Those victories matter tremendously. However, the next frontier will be preventing progression, preserving brain reserve and repairing myelin before disability accumulates. Here are 5 points that resonated w/ me: 1- MS is increasingly being understood as a disease that begins years before the first symptom appears. 2- The story of MS has evolved from a T cell disease to one where B cells occupy center stage. 3- Early use of highly effective therapies may alter the long-term trajectory of the disease. 4- Relapse control alone is no longer enough, and future therapies must tackle neurodegeneration and myelin repair. 5- The future of MS care will likely combine precision biomarkers, imaging, immune therapies and regenerative strategies aimed at keeping folks functioning and thriving for decades. nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NE… #MS #multiplesclerosis