ALT Keys factors for biomimicry of the intestine. The intestine contains diverse cell types that coordinate to maintain intestinal function. Various chemical factors are critical for maintaining viability and function of intestinal cells. Components of the extracellular matrix provide a physical environment suited to each cell type. The intestine responds to and generates mechanical cues that maintain homeostasis while performing physical tasks. Diverse gradients (chemical, microbial, physical and gaseous) are established and maintained within the intestine that assist with intestinal homeostasis and defence. Together, interactions between intestinal cells and the chemical, physical, and mechanical features of the intestine can be recapitulated using advanced bioengineering technologies including hydrogel chemistries, microfluidics, and light-based technologies.