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Kurdish coins from the 10th cent. (AD) were discovered a thousand years later on the Swedish island of Gotland.
The coins were minted by Daysam ibn Ibrahim al-Kurdi, the commander of Adharbayjan (938-955) & Fadl ibn Muhammad, emir of the Kurdish Shaddadid dynasty (985-1031).
Ummān manda retweeted
Translation: "They [the Kurds] have the same language and the same name as the Yezidis, who likewise call themselves Kurds: but they differ from them in matters of religion."
"Qui s'appellent semblablement Courdes" refers to the Jezides (Yezidis). The relative clause modifies "les Jezides." The author notes that both groups shared language and the ethnonym "Courdes," differing only in religion.
Ummān manda retweeted
No offense but it is incredibly laughable and pathetic that Kurds do not understand that none of these terms are supposed to be used that way.
Kallhurr is a tribe. Most SK speakers are NOT Kallhurrs. Even if you want to call SK Kallhurri, the "Kallhurri" speakers are still generally not Kallhurrs.
"Soran" is another tribe too. Exact same story.
Exact same story with "Lak". They were/are a single tribe out of all Eastern Southern Kurdish subdialectic speakers.
Zaza is a term propagated by the state of turkey on Kurds who are native speakers of what is authentically and generally called "Kirdki" and "Kirmanjki".
"Kurmānj" means the same thing as "Kurd" in Northern Kurdish. For a Northern Kurdish speakers all Kurds are "Kurmānj". The term "Kurd" with that form does not exist natively in Northern Kurdish.
The Goran are also a tribe who mostly speak Southern Kurdish and some descending subtribes of the Goran speak Central Kurdish or in Badinan they even speak Northern Kurdish (Badini). Historically, the term Goran referred to many things and still does so, including Eastern Kurdish speakers, but EK speakers were called Kurd before the term Goran (Jābāriqa = Gābāraka) was attested as such and that is a fact too.
Ummān manda retweeted
Debunking a popular myth: that Bahram Chobin, the general who seized the Sasanian throne in 590, and the Parthian house of Mihran he belonged to were Kurds. The claim basically rests on the personal names of his siblings in the Arabic language. In Arabic, his sister is named Kurdiya (كردية) and his brother Kurdi (كردي).
The major issue is that Arabic had no letter for this g, and that is not how their names are spelt in Iranian languages. Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh renders their Iranian Bahram's siblings as Gurdiya (گردیه) and Gurduy (گردوی), and introduces the brother with the meaning of his own name: "که گرد و دلیر و جهانجوی بود", “a hero (gurd), brave and ambitious”. Take another example of poor Arabic rendering: the Gūrāns of Kurdistan, who are written as Kūrān in Arabic, with a k.
The same texts turn Bahram’s father Gushnasp into Jushnas and Bahram Gor into Bahram Jur. One sentence in the Mahasin wa’l-addad writes Kurdi with a k and Jur with a j: "دعا بكردي، أخي بهرام جور".
A further problem is that the words Kurd and gurd are not etymologically related. Persian gurd, “hero, brave”, comes from Old Iranian *wr̥ta-, beginning with *w-. Kurd comes from proto Iranian *kr̥ti-, beginning with *k-, which meant cut, semantically shifting to mean type of cultural outer cloak garment used by herders during the Old Iranian era, loaned into the plateau, then adopted as an Iranian tribal name, first attested by Greek writers by 220 BCE.
Ibn Wadih’s description of al-Jibal as a home of the Kurds in the 9th century has no bearing on the Mihranid house. Çelebi’s Ottoman list, which counts Bahram among Kurdish heroes and explains “Kurd” as meaning “brave”, is the exact same confusion and mistake I have explained above, because it is not Kurd that means brave, but rather gurd. A lack of textual criticism can not be used as justification.
What is more, on the same exact page that names the siblings, al-Tabari shows Bahram Chobin using the actual word “Kurd” as a slur against the Sasanian king Khosrow II: “son of an adulteress, raised in the tents of the Kurds”. This makes it even more unlikely he was Kurdish.
The Kurdish tribe bearing the name Mihran, being equated with Sassanid houses, is effectively equivalent to equating random Muslims with the name Muhammad. Mihran is the name of the Zoroastrian God Mithra. Claims such as these are wishful thinking, and nothing else.
Ummān manda retweeted
I have returned from my spiritual retreat, and with it, from a brief silence of the mind. My latest article, exploring the connection between the Parthian house of Mihran and the Kurd-label, has now been published:
thusspokekurdi.blogspot.com/…
Ummān manda retweeted
Ethnic composition of West Azerbaijan in 1911, according to the Russian Military Encyclopedia.
Ummān manda retweeted
The incompetence of kurdish leadership lead us to such a state that iraqis dreamed of for years
Ummān manda retweeted
1. The problem here is that Lurs claim Kurdish Laks as Lur when genetically, linguistically, culturally Laks are straight on Kurds. Lurs are aware of this, so what do they do? They have no choice but to claim all Southern Kurdish tribes, like kelhors, Sanjabis etc.
Ummān manda retweeted
The following image is my tree of the Iranian language family, based on descent alone. Terms like “North West Iranian” and “East Iranian” are not genetic terms, and they don’t map properly onto areal contact zones either. A great deal of research is still needed to refine how the Iranian languages descend (some more than others). A big problem at the moment is that linguists often contradict each other on how some of these branches should be classified, because the traditional groupings rest on a handful of features, assumptions, etc that newer data no longer support.
Glottolog is one attempt to bring the classifications of various linguists together. The problem is that it combines placements that contradict each other. For example, it places North Western Iranian under Agnes Korn’s Central Iranian node, yet Korn (2016), in the same paper that proposes Central Iranian, argues that the North Western node should be deleted from the tree. Central Iranian is also not well established enough to be asserted as fact: Korn herself presents it as a preliminary sketch. Glottolog’s tree also gives no indication of roughly when these splits are supposed to have happened.
The position of Proto Iranian itself might need to be revised. Persian, the ś branch (Khotanese Tumshuqese and Wakhi) and Nuristani, which Halfmann (2025) now places within Iranian, all split off before Proto sp, so their separate histories go back an unknown length of time before 1500 BCE. Nonetheless, until further investigation I have kept Proto Iranian where it is, with the changes that could define it listed beside it. If that node fails in the future, several more Indo Iranian branches would need to be opened up, and the deepest node we could still support would be the one I have called Proto sp.
I have relabelled some branches. For example, Khotanese Tumshuqese is usually called “Saka”, a name that ties it to the Scythians. But the little evidence we have for Scythian proper puts the two on different branches: Scythian has sp (Akkadian Išpakāya, c. 675 BCE, from *spaka ‘dog’), while Khotanese has ś (aśśa ‘horse’). In other cases I have kept the names, like the “Pamir” branch, but limited it to Shughni Roshani, Sarikoli and Yazghulami, a grouping that goes back to Sokolova (1967). The other so called Pamir languages are placed elsewhere.
What I have listed as Proto sp needs the most attention in future. The exact path by which those languages diversified could involve some regroupings, and some of them have had little to no attention in academia. One possible regrouping is whether Ossetian forms a closer branch with Sogdian, as Novák (2014) and Glottolog both propose.
Expand the image, and open it in a new tab for a higher resolution.
Ummān manda retweeted
Most people, or almost all, have the wrong understanding of what a language is. As is generally the case, humans tend to assume to have understood something but the problem is they do not care to consider how a subject can be deeper than initially thought.
So they think nation states, ethnicities and languages go hand in hand. But they don't.
And the big issue here is that a "language" does not even exist. There are no "languages". When we speak about the "Kurdish language" we NEVER speak about one "language" but we speak about the dialects and subdialects. Because when you speak "Kurdish" you speak a tongue that is specific to a tribe, subtribe, city, area or even village. And you speak that variety. That subdialect. Most other speakers of Kurdish speak another subdialect. And this is what the "Kurdish language" is. Many strongly related subdialects and varieties of it.
In the same way even "dialects" do not exist because a dialect is its many subdialects. When you speak a certain language you actually speak a certain dialect or subdialect depending on each case. Some languages may not have subdialects. Some languages may even offer more complicated variety than what would befit categorising it to a specific subdialect.
In nation states people learn one standardised form of the "language" which is usually either based on one specific dialect/subdialect or a mixture of several ones and often there is also input from older stages or related languages to that standardised language form. And then people learn that very specific variety in school all over the nation. So obviously they will all know to speak the same variety and people think that is what a language is. But it isn't. That is just one standardised form and thus a dialect/subdialect even if not completely native to any specific area of the language's speakers.
The term "language" or "tongue" is of manyfold nature and it can be used on a group of dialects (most fitting case), dialect, subdialect, very narrow variety (logical choice too) or even on a whole group of several languages. But you have to know what it means and what it doesn't mean.
Often, the label of a language or language group is not even based on linguistic grounds or not solely on it.
Furthermore, in the case of Kurdish, the Kurds started to confuse and fool themselves. Kurds think that Kurdish is unique in having so many dialects. This is a foolish take beyond measure. A speaker of northern German will not understand a speaker of southern German without learning the other one's dialect OR without knowing the standardised language High German which is taught to both of them in school (respectively was taught to their parents/grandparents and now they speak it at home too). Mandarin and Cantonese are completely different too dialects of the same Chinese "language" too. This is the same for EVERY LANGUAGE AND ETHNICITY whose number of speakers had historically been big or widespread enough to create enough distance to have different forms of speeches shape over time which equals the emergence of different dialects. It is NOTHING special.
What makes it worse is that Kurds think "Kurmanj", "Zaza", "Soran" are actual subidentities of Kurds and the very unfortunate ones think those names describe the actual ethnicities and "Kurd" is an umbrella term. The level of second-hand embarassment and pity, disgust and annoyance I get for the folly has to be studied.
Kurds have two endonyms: Kurd and Kurmānj. In Kirdki: Kird and Kirmānj. Same words. Hawrami speakers historically also called themselves Goran but it was also related to being Yarsani and even if an ethnic designation, it has changed long ago and the EK speakers were referred to as Kurds BEFORE we had the term Goran/Gābārikā attested in the first place.
The origin of "Kurmanj" is very likely from "Kurd" and if not there is another reason for it. But these are not subethnicities. They are modern anti-Kurdish ideas.
See here:
reddit.com/r/kurdish/s/UftKd…
In the chronicle al-Sīra al-Sharīfa al-Manṣūriyya (13th century), we learn that Wardashār al-Kurdī, the Ayyūbid governor of Ṣanʿāʾ, is recorded as having been addressed in the Kurdish language ("fa-raṭanū lahu bi-l-kurdiyya") by a group of soldiers.
Ummān manda retweeted
Where the Iranian Peoples Fought:
2,276 battles of the Persians, Medes, Parthians, Kurds, Pashtuns, Baloch, Scythians, Alans, Sogdians and the other Iranian peoples, c. 815 BCE – 2026. The Iranian side won 730, drew 68, lost 778.
iosiflazaridis.github.io/bat…
1/3
Ummān manda retweeted
In a few years, we have gone from Kurd is a Middle Persian word meaning "slave", to a MP word meaning "nomad, tent-dweller", to it means "herder" :D
Meanwhile, both MP & Sasanian-period Syriac works distinguish Kurds from other Iranian nomadic groups.
teapawt.net/HemdadArwandi/status/2…
Ummān manda retweeted
Anti-Kurdish narratives are so normalised in academia that foreigners unknowingly put forward exceedingly ignorant proposals. Firstly, the palatal *ḱ in proto Indo-European *ḱerdʰ- becomes Indo-Iranian *ć, and PIE *e becomes *a, which gives *ćárdʰa-. Iranian then loses the aspiration of *dʰ, which gives Proto-Iranian *ćarda-. Iranian turns *ć into s, apart from Old Persian, which turns it into θ. In Middle Iranian the final vowel is lost and *rd becomes *rδ. In Persian and Kurdish this becomes l, with the a lengthened to ā, and in Persian the inherited *θ becomes h.
The final outcome of PIE *ḱerdʰ- (which gives English herd) would therefore be *sāl in Kurdish and *hāl in Persian. The word for “year” went through exactly the same changes from a different root: Old Persian θard-, Avestan sarəd-, Parthian sarδ, Kurdish sāl. The Avestan cognate of herd is sarəδa- “kind, species”. It is not possible for Kurd to come from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerdʰ-. Kurd has k instead of s, θ or h, u instead of a or ā, and keeps r plus a dental (the Pahlavi spelling kwltʾ/kwrtʾ is pronounced kurd) where *rd should have become l. Of course, this etymology is proposed on Wiktionary, where anyone can edit and type nonsense.
Secondly, there is not a single shred of evidence that the word Kurd originally meant herder or tent dweller, and especially if you use any historical Iranian account. There is 11 non-Kurdish Iranian nomadic, tent dwelling, herder tribes living in the plateau before the Islamic age: The Mardi, the Sagartians, the Dropici, the Tapuri, and so on. Eratosthenes of Cyrene and Strabo specifically list the Kurds as a tribal entity living in the Zagros. It has taken a long time, but the most prominent academics in the field now, such as Boris James, now reject the old orthodoxy that Kurd was a lifestyle label. The entire premise of Kurd meaning shepherd or herder rests on isolated, mistranslated and misappropriated early Islamic Arabic historiographical accounts that draw analogies and comparisons. These same accounts treat other ethnic groups, in the exact same way but you will never see a claim like Persian means farmer even though we can build a case showing exactly that if we decide to become disingenuous.
A lot of these older western academics have relied too heavily on the ideologically driven yappings of local near easterners who built narratives to serve certain nation building projects at the expense of Kurds. Or just built upon these narratives out of spite. It doesn't help that the odd Kurd who entered into academia only contributed mickey mouse unserious tier narratives about us Kurds.
Ummān manda retweeted
Şopîner û neşopîner xwe sipasiya we hemiyan dikim. Mala we ava bo eleqe, ecibandin û parvekirinên we.
Gelo hîna çend navdar û meşhûrên me hene bê mezel û kêl?
Bila Hûn zanibin ev çend sal e ko dibêjin ev goristan ên Tirk, Azerî û Ermeniyan e?
Lê belê bi qasî wan ya me ye jî û belkî kunyeya bariz bi navê Kurdî vê meseleyê zelal dike.
Li ser jiyana vî alimî Belgefîlmek xweş çêdibe.
@RTErdogan
İlk Kez Paylaşılıyor:
Şükürler olsun Literatüre ve Arkeologlara yeni bir zat keşfediliyor.
İbn Tac-el Kürdi (814-889/1412-1485)
Gevaş/Westan mezarlığında 15. ait bir Kürt Alimin Kitabesi.
Aslında bu konu çok tartışıldı ve hala tartışılmaktadır, yalnız #melabirhanêtarînî nin keşifiyle ve okumasıyla tarih kitaplarında çok meşhur olan bir aile efradının mezarı olduğu tesbit edildi. Burada medfun olunan Tac’el Kürdi’nin torunu Kemaleddindir.
Aslen Ahlatlı olup Kahire’ye yerleşmiş ve oradaki medreselerde ve büyük alimlerden ders almıştır.
Bunun devamı detaylı bir şekilde daha sonra YouTube kanalımızda youtube.com/@estar1?si paylaşacaktır.
@anadoluajansi @AJArabic @BBCArabic
@CNN @France24_fr
Wêneyê Kêlê @Yusufsaladin22 û Nişandana çavkanî ji bi tesadufî @kurdoloji_ars û xwendin û tesbîtkirin @Mbirhanetarini ye.
Jkx parve bikin û bela bikin bila Westan Goristana wê ronî bibe…
#kurdish
Ummān manda retweeted
Hocamızın videosunu mutlaka izleyin.
Van Gevaş'ta bulunan Halime Hatun kümbeti ve mezarlığının Selçuklu ve Türklerle ilgisi olmadığını söylemiştim.
Halime Hatun kümbeti, Hakkari Beylerinin Gevaş kolundan Melik İzzeddin Şîr tarafından kızı için yaptırılmıştı.
Çevresindeki mezarların görselini X hesabımda paylaşmıştım, hocamız kitabesini okumuş ve mezarlardan birisinin Kürt alim Tac’el Kürdi’nin torunu Kemaleddin'e ait olduğunu, mezarın sonunda tahrif edilmiş "el-Kurdi" nisbasının bulunduğunu tespit etmiş.
Buna vesile olmaktan mutluluk duyuyorum.
İlk Kez Paylaşılıyor:
Şükürler olsun Literatüre ve Arkeologlara yeni bir zat keşfediliyor.
İbn Tac-el Kürdi (814-889/1412-1485)
Gevaş/Westan mezarlığında 15. ait bir Kürt Alimin Kitabesi.
Aslında bu konu çok tartışıldı ve hala tartışılmaktadır, yalnız #melabirhanêtarînî nin keşifiyle ve okumasıyla tarih kitaplarında çok meşhur olan bir aile efradının mezarı olduğu tesbit edildi. Burada medfun olunan Tac’el Kürdi’nin torunu Kemaleddindir.
Aslen Ahlatlı olup Kahire’ye yerleşmiş ve oradaki medreselerde ve büyük alimlerden ders almıştır.
Bunun devamı detaylı bir şekilde daha sonra YouTube kanalımızda youtube.com/@estar1?si paylaşacaktır.
@anadoluajansi @AJArabic @BBCArabic
@CNN @France24_fr
Wêneyê Kêlê @Yusufsaladin22 û Nişandana çavkanî ji bi tesadufî @kurdoloji_ars û xwendin û tesbîtkirin @Mbirhanetarini ye.
Jkx parve bikin û bela bikin bila Westan Goristana wê ronî bibe…
#kurdish