ALT Anti-Muslim and anti-Jewish attitudes among respondents in the American Mosaic Project 2014 survey. Each jittered black point in the top panel of this figure represents the number of anti-Jewish and anti-Muslim attitudes reported by a White, Non-Hispanic respondent—the sum of yes responses to seven statements, including “They don’t share my morals or values” and “They want to take over our political institutions.” Purple ellipses represent a normal data ellipses for responses conditional on any problem (bottom left corner) and average conditional on a sum of problems across both groups greater than 10 (top right corner). Using the same data, the bottom two panels display the average number of problems attributed to a group conditional on the number of problems attributed to the other group

ALT This figure displays change in mentions of Jews and Muslims or Arabs that contained predicted hate speech compared to January 2017 among Gab users who posted every month January 2017 through August 2018

ALT The bottom panel above displays hate crimes and bias incidents recorded by ADL and CAIR by month. The top panels compares these two sources. Overall, hate crimes and bias incidents gradually decline after the 2016 election—until a very large spike in anti-Jewish incidents in late 2018. In addition to the overall patterns potentially related to the election and inauguration of Donald Trump, we also see a longer term shift in anti-Jewish hate crimes relative to anti-Muslim hate crimes in mid-2017. This second shift mirrors the activity on fringe social media sites around Unite the Right

ALT Anti-Muslim or Arab and anti-Jewish aggravated assault, murders, manslaughter, arson, and kidnapping recorded in the FBI UCR data by month