Cody retweeted
You kept a income disclosure but you have created a confusing form which double count income and asset created with same income . You are silent on income conversion rule 115 . You named salaried people’s taxed money black money .
Cody retweeted
I would rather receive BMA notice and fight ITAT court case rather than pay 1 lakh on a tax paid asset. More than 100 people I know are doing the same. Good luck, ITD.
Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) is the basic optimizer most deep learning training is built on.
Instead of calculating the gradient on the entire dataset (which is slow and memory-heavy), SGD computes the gradient on a small random batch of examples and updates the weights immediately. It repeats this many times.
The update is simple: move the weights a small step in the opposite direction of the gradient. The size of the step is controlled by the learning rate.
Why it works: even though each update is noisy, over many steps the noise averages out and the model moves toward lower loss. The randomness can also help it escape shallow local minima.
However, it has some drawbacks:
- It is sensitive to the learning rate. Too high and training diverges. Too low and it crawls.
- Progress can be slow and unstable, especially on loss surfaces with steep and flat directions.
- It treats every parameter the same, which is inefficient when some weights need bigger updates than others.
- Without additions like momentum, it tends to oscillate.
Plain SGD is rarely used alone anymore. Most people use SGD with momentum or switch to adaptive methods like AdamW. Still, understanding SGD matters because almost every other optimizer is a modification of this basic idea.
Triplet loss is a way to train models so that similar things end up close together and different things end up far apart.
You feed the model three examples at a time:
- an anchor (the reference)
- a positive (something that should be similar to the anchor)
- a negative (something that should be different)
The loss pushes the anchor and positive closer in the embedding space while pushing the anchor and negative farther apart, usually by at least some margin.
It’s commonly used in:
- face recognition
- image retrieval
- recommendation systems
- any task where you care about similarity rather than exact class labels
The basic idea is simple: don’t just learn to classify. Learn a space where distance means something useful.
Be mindful of your loss functions. They can make all the difference between cats and dogs. #deeplearning
Most machine learning models learn correlations. Causal inference tries to go further and learn what actually causes what.
A normal model can tell you that ice cream sales and drowning incidents both rise in summer. It cannot tell you that ice cream doesn’t cause drowning. Causal methods try to answer questions like “what would happen if we changed this?” instead of just “what usually happens together?”
Representation learning is about turning raw data into useful features. When you combine the two, the goal is to learn representations that capture the underlying causal structure, not just surface-level patterns.
Why this matters:
- Models that only learn correlations often fail when the world changes.
- Causal representations can be more robust and more interpretable.
- They help with questions like “if we intervene on X, what happens to Y?”
It’s still an active research area, but the basic idea is simple: stop only asking what predicts what, and start asking what causes what.
Self-supervised learning is a way for models to learn useful patterns from data without human labels.
Instead of giving the model correct answers, you create a task from the data itself. The model has to solve that task, and in the process it learns representations that are useful for real problems later.
A few common approaches:
- Predict the missing part. Hide some words in a sentence or some patches in an image and train the model to fill them in.
- Contrastive learning. Show the model two versions of the same thing (e.g. two crops of the same image) and teach it that they should be similar, while different things should be dissimilar.
- Predict the next token or next frame. This is how most large language models and some video models are pretrained.
Why it matters: labeling data is expensive and slow. Self-supervised learning lets you use huge amounts of raw text, images, or audio. The representations it learns often transfer well to downstream tasks with only a little labeled data.
It’s one of the main reasons modern models can be trained at such large scale.










