
Co-founder @ Critiqality. Theoretical Physicist entangling Physics, AI & Computing. Lecturer @mhpc_sissa_ictp, Quantum PhD @Sissaschool.
Milan
Joined December 2012
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Cristiano De Nobili retweeted
It’s almost incomprehensible how wide the distance is between someone who’s working at the frontier with AI and basically everyone else right now.
The crazy thing is these lines are not converging, but only growing farther apart. If the curve of AI progress had leveled off, it would certainly have given most people and companies time to catch up or implement their workflows in a standardized way. The technology would have neutralized competitive advantage because everyone would be using it the same way.
But what’s happened is the opposite. The curve of AI progress is basically going vertical right now, which means if you had codified your processes 3-6 months ago you’re likely already behind again. Now imagine most companies that kicked into gear a year ago and thought that they were done. Even further behind now.
I’ve never seen a technology in my life and career that improves at this rate, which consequently means you need to upgrade your expectations at a similar rate. Our brains weren’t wired for this, and our organizational change management processes certainly weren’t either.
With any form of recursive self improvement, things just get wilder. It’s a time when you will need to be constantly reevaluating the things that didn’t work just a couple months ago to see if they now can be solved. AI native companies certainly have a strong advantage due to this right now, so now it comes down to can the bigger companies keep up. Wild times.
Cristiano De Nobili retweeted
Student @reionize @caltech ponders the value of PhD training in the AI era.
quantumfrontiers.com/2026/10…
Cristiano De Nobili retweeted
Many amazing [if correct] results close to my heart / work:
1) Polyakov's conjecture on the O(n) model
[Polyakov's was the first qft paper I read]
2) Quantum annealing for SK model.
3) Reconstruction on trees
[Related to conjectures made with Marc Mezard 20 years ago].
4) k-SAT threshold
[Beautiful work by Gaia Carenini has priority here]
5) Free energy for spin glasses on random graphs.
6) Mixing for the SK model.
7) Factor-of-IID threshold for Ising model on trees
8) Free energy of the spherical perceptron
github.com/openai/math
Cristiano De Nobili retweeted
The idea of an intelligence explosion caused by recursive self improvement has been around for a long time but until very recently it did not seem imminent. Now many leading researchers think it may happen quite soon. You can read our paper about it here:
casp.ac/reports/intelligence…
Cristiano De Nobili retweeted
friends are regularly surprised when i say i don’t think math is (yet) “solved,” so in the wake of the ns result i figured i’d explain this take a bit more widely.
first, this is massively impressive and clearly an example of AI being, in some respects, far more powerful than the human mind. the team deserves huge praise for attempting and succeeding at this. i’d love to read a technical report on the project (one can always hope :)
but second, here again we ended up with a counterexample rather than a full proof: option C won the NS problem by proving the conjecture false (which was one valid way to solve the problem for sure)
notice a pattern in many of the recent frontier results in ai for math? a striking number involve counterexamples or finding a needle in a haystack.
now don’t get me wrong: this is extraordinarily hard and commendable. but it is only one aspect of mathematicians’ work.
Math is also about:
- finding deep, general mathematical understanding and explanations within proofs
- revisiting proven results to find more « elegant » proofs
- proposing new conjectures and hypotheses that might open « fruitful » directions
- taking the leap of faith of proposing entirely new, « exciting » research programs that may take decades to bear fruit
you may say these are simply further increments on the same intelligence scale, and perhaps point 2 above is already within the reach of current models. possibly
but you could also see this string of results as an extraordinarily powerful, massively parallel extension of search: explore the haystack, find the needle i.e. the counterexample that breaks the conjecture.
that would already be remarkable. but it would still leave open whether models understand the words I emphasized above: « elegant », « fruitful », « exciting ».
as tristan put it in his brief report: “the first llm generated proof levent sent me was the most horrendous i have ever read.”
despite their formidable technical abilities, models still seem to lack something mathematicians rely on constantly: a type of mathematical taste. the ability to distinguish a beautiful argument from a merely valid one, a fertile idea from a sterile one.
i’d be very curious to ask gpt or claude what they think of the result they just proved. do they find it elegant? if they ignore all the human noise about it on the web and history of math, do they appreciate the result and the path to it more than other proofs?
my suspicion is that, outside of the human knowledge that this is an important millennium prize problem, it may not 100% register it as fundamentally different from thousands of other proofs.
or, more intriguingly, perhaps the beauty they find in mathematics is actually alien to our own sense of mathematical beauty, some « horrendous » proof to us might be deeply satisfying to them…
all this to say that we might have significant progress to make in ai for math before declaring the field “solved,” (as too many are posting).
in the meantime, ai will be an extraordinary collaborator for mathematicians. i just hope access to these tools be as widely shared as possible (so that you don’t need a Leven or Sebastien working in a big lab to help you), and that companies stop using mathematics primarily as a demonstration of prowess in their private race.
We’re sharing a solution to the Navier-Stokes Millennium Prize Problem, one of the deepest problems at the frontier of mathematics.
The proof was produced by a group of agents, using an OpenAI next-generation model significantly more capable than GPT-6 Astra.
The problem concerns whether the description of smooth three-dimensional fluid motion modeled by the Navier-Stokes equations can break down. It has remained unresolved for roughly 90 years.
As a mathematician, the OpenAI/Navier-Stokes story feels genuinely historic and unusually dramatic.
Navier-Stokes is one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems, each carrying a $1M prize. These are not just hard benchmark questions. They are among the most important open problems in mathematics, and entire research programs can grow around finding even one plausible route toward them.
Buckmaster and Levent Alpöge had spent most of the past year pushing a program started by Diego Córdoba and Luis Martínez-Zoroza. Their goal was to take known blowup constructions with rough forcing and push them to smooth forcing, ultimately toward incompressible Euler and Navier-Stokes.
By August 15, they had obtained smooth-forcing blowup results for Boussinesq and Euler. They were using Claude and Codex heavily throughout the project, and Buckmaster says they had been putting their drafts into Codex.
Then rumors started circulating that “Anthropic” had solved a major open problem.
OpenAI says those rumors triggered a large-scale effort on the Millennium Prize problems. Thousands of agents were launched, first attacking nearby Euler problems before the effort moved toward Navier-Stokes.
What made Buckmaster immediately suspicious was the direction: forced Navier-Stokes with smooth forcing.
In his statement, he says this was precisely the route Córdoba and Martínez-Zoroza had opened and that he and Alpöge had “quietly chosen to attack.” Almost nobody else he knew was working on it.
His reaction:
“When I heard ‘forced,’ it was a bright red flag.”
He then asked whether OpenAI’s model had been trained on, or otherwise had access to, their Codex sessions. According to Buckmaster, he was told the model did not look up user data, but when he asked specifically about training, he did not get a clear answer.
OpenAI denies directly accessing their private work, but its own post says:
“While unlikely, we cannot rule out that de-identified data derived from their usage of our products helped improve our models.”
And then the story becomes genuinely dramatic. Buckmaster says he was offered publication arrangements, including one where he alone would present OpenAI’s Navier-Stokes result without Levent Alpöge as an author. He says Bubeck emphasized that Alpöge working at Anthropic was the complication.
Buckmaster declined.
He then says that when he told OpenAI he would make the episode public if the result was released that way, the response was:
“Why would you ruin your career?”
Bubeck disputes Buckmaster’s characterization of the interaction.
Buckmaster is also careful about what he is claiming. He explicitly writes:
“I do not know whether our data was used. I am not accusing anyone of anything.”
That distinction matters.
But I think Tristan’s most important observation is broader than the dispute itself. He calls this a “Deep Blue-Kasparov moment” for mathematics.
For a Millennium Prize problem, the scarce intellectual resource is not merely the final proof. It is often years of taste, failed attempts, literature, intuition, and judgment that tell you where the promising path is.
If a small group discovers that path, and simply revealing that it is promising can trigger 10,000 AI agents to attack it, then mathematics may be entering a world where identifying the right question becomes more valuable than solving it.
And that could fundamentally change the culture of open mathematics.
Tristan Buckmaster’s statement:
cims.nyu.edu/~tristanb/state…
We’re sharing a solution to the Navier-Stokes Millennium Prize Problem, one of the deepest problems at the frontier of mathematics.
The proof was produced by a group of agents, using an OpenAI next-generation model significantly more capable than GPT-6 Astra.
The problem concerns whether the description of smooth three-dimensional fluid motion modeled by the Navier-Stokes equations can break down. It has remained unresolved for roughly 90 years.
Cristiano De Nobili retweeted
Very articulate mathematicians pondering the future of math.
quantamagazine.org/live-from…
Cristiano De Nobili retweeted
Anthropic Research Lead:
"99% of our engineers run swarms of 300+ self-improving agents.
Now everyone is building agentic graphs".
In a 20-minute session an Anthropic team member walks through how graph engineering turns isolated agents into systems that improve themselves.
Agents -> Loops -> Graphs -> Self-Improving Systems
What it actually looks like: Claude moving through graph workflows, plan mode and dynamic orchestration.
Everyone else is still running one agent and hoping it holds.
This beats most $500 graph engineering courses and costs nothing.
Bookmark it, watch the talk, then read the article below ↓
Impressive new paper from Google DeepMind.
(bookmark it)
It takes Co-Scientist out of simulation and into real-world experiments.
A summary of the results:
In computer science, it found an inference-time scaling architecture that beat six frontier models on HealthBench Hard and Professional under blinded physician review.
The system designed a safe precursor route for MXenes and drove a semi-automated chemical vapor deposition reactor, producing a lamellar 2D material with structural similarities to the Ti3C2Tx lattice.
It also tailored growth recipes to laboratory constraints in minutes, enabling single-attempt growth of monolayer MoS2, MoSe2, and WS2. In biology, it predicted E. coli swarming phenotypes across inducer gradients from sparse imaging data, matching unpublished real-world measurements.
30 domain experts wrote 450 reviews on end-to-end generated papers, and the reliability modules reduced hallucination and plagiarism.
Paper: arxiv.org/abs/2608.26701
Chat with Paper: academy.dair.ai/papers/co-sc…
Cristiano De Nobili retweeted
Today, we're kicking off the first phase of the research preview for Model Hardware Standard (MHS): a new standard for AI agents to safely operate physical equipment in scientific research and advanced manufacturing.
Read more: anthropic.com/news/model-har…
Cristiano De Nobili retweeted
hello there the jacobian conjecture is false thanx to my close friend akhil for asking about it and my other close friend fable for working during the world cup final
((1+xy)^3 z + y^2 (1+xy) (4+3xy), y + 3 x (1+xy)^2 z + 3 x y^2 (4+3xy), 2 x - 3 x^2 y - x^3 z): \C^3\to \C^3, has jacobian determinant -2, and sends (0, 0, -1/4), (1, -3/2, 13/2), and (-1, 3/2, 13/2) to (-1/4, 0, 0)
Cristiano De Nobili retweeted
Sergey Brin said compute is dessert. The companies winning the AI race right now are not the ones with the most chips. They are the ones with the best algorithms.
Every headline you read about AI is about data centers, Megawatts, and Nvidia orders. Billions in infrastructure and more. The entire investment thesis of the last three years has been built on compute scaling as the primary moat.
Sergey thinks that framing is wrong.
He pulled out an example from physics. The N-body problem. Scientists have been running those simulations since the fifties. Over the decades, raw compute improved on Moore's law. But the algorithms to solve the problem improved faster. Not slightly faster. Far faster. The algorithmic gains made the compute gains look small.
He says the same thing has happened in AI over the last decade.
Compute is not the meal. It is the dessert. You still want it. Nobody is turning down frontier compute. But the companies that figured out the algorithms first are the ones actually ahead.
The market is pricing AI winners by who has the most chips.
Sergey Brin just said that is the wrong scorecard.
The ones who win this are not building the biggest data center. They are solving the harder math problem.
Cristiano De Nobili retweeted
Building autonomous agents for scientific discovery? 🧬🤖
@GoogleDeepMind Science Skills is now available on GitHub. We've open-sourced this specialized toolkit to accelerate your agentic workflows with scientific grounding and higher token efficiency.
Download now ↓
github.com/google-deepmind/s…
Cristiano De Nobili retweeted
I really enjoyed Apoorva's essay. It's rare these days to hear what a *student* thinks about what's going on in AI and Math, and I highly recommend you take a look at her piece – it's thoughtful, curious, idealistic, and unmistakably human.
Earlier this month I volunteered at Stanford’s Future of Math symposium, and ever since, I've been puzzling through what it now means to pursue mathematics as a student in the age of AI. I wrote an essay to make sense of it all: apoorvapanidapu.substack.com…
Cristiano De Nobili retweeted
Physics: Quantum Physics (Particle Behaviour in Quantum World)
Non-relativistic Schrödinger Equation: 1D Gaussian Wave Packet
Analysing Gaussian wave packets with the Schrödinger equation reveals:
• Schrödinger's Equation: Governs wave function evolution
#x #twitter #physics
Cristiano De Nobili retweeted
Gradient descent for SKILL.md files sounds interesting, maybe a bit complex but it's becoming a real part of agent harness.
SkillOpt is one of the first papers to treat markdown skill files as trainable parameters and provides a proper optimization framework for them.
A few things I learned that you should consider too.
1. The validation gate is the only thing that matters in a self-editing loop.
Held-out set, strict improvement, ties rejected. End-to-end, their best skills land with 1 to 4 accepted edits total. If your "self-improving agent" is accepting most of what it proposes, you're shipping slop.
2. Bounded edits are better than full rewrites. 4 to 8 edits per step is the sweet spot.
Remove the budget and performance collapses. This is the textual analog of learning rate, and it transfers to any LLM-as-author loop. If you're using an agent to refactor your docs, your prompts, or your skills, cap the diff size.
3. Compactness wins. Median final skill: ~920 tokens.
Skills do not need to be long. They need to be high-signal. Most skill files I see are bloated because length feels like effort. It isn't.
4. The harness is becoming less important; the skill is becoming more important.
A Codex-trained skill ported into Claude Code hit +59.7 points on SpreadsheetBench. Procedural knowledge is more general than the runtime that
produced it.
5. Frozen model + trained context is the practical adaptation.
GPT-5.4-nano with a SkillOpt'd skill ≈ frontier behavior on procedural benchmarks. Cheaper, portable, inspectable, zero inference-time cost. This is
the answer to "how do we adapt a frontier model for our domain" for almost everyone who isn't training their own models.
6. Verification is the bottleneck.
Every gate in this paper depends on an auto-grader. That works for benchmarks. It fails for writing, design, and strategy, exactly the open-ended work we want to automate. Whoever builds the verifier for open-ended tasks owns the next stage.
There are also two leassons I learned while shipping v2.3.0 of my Context Engineering Agent Skills repo, measured across composer-2, claude-opus-4-7,
gpt-5.5, and gemini-3.1-pro via the @cursor_ai SDK:
- Description and body are two different surfaces. The router only sees the description. The agent sees the body once activated. They can quietly disagree, and only end-to-end task tests catch it.
- Aggregate accuracy is the wrong unit. When I rewrote three descriptions, the corpus average moved ~1pp. Individual skills moved 23–25pp. Per-skill effect size is where the action is.
Also, in Feb 2026 I shared a piece called Personal Brain OS arguing that the markdown file is a first-class substrate for agent state. SkillOpt is the optimizer-shaped version of that same argument: not "store memory in files" but "treat files as trainable parameters with proper optimization machinery around them." That's the move from static to measured.
The fast/slow split they describe already lives implicitly in the digital-brain-skill repo:
- voice-guide and tone-of-voice.md are slow-state (rarely touched)
- posts.jsonl and bookmarks.jsonl are fast-state
What SkillOpt adds that I didn't have is a protected section invariant, a structural guarantee that fast edits cannot overwrite slow lessons. Removing that mechanism cost them 22 points on SpreadsheetBench. Worth borrowing.
If you're building agents, SkillOpt: Executive Strategy for Self-Evolving Agent Skills is a good paper to read: arxiv.org/pdf/2605.23904
Cristiano De Nobili retweeted
I have spent my entire life working on this and thinking about this for the past 4 years. I don't know what will happen in 20 years, but I can promise you that on the 5-10 year timescale, scientists are not out of their jobs. AI is going to massively accelerate the pace of science, increase productivity, let individual scientists make way more discoveries way faster, and is going to make science overall more fun. But the model is going to be collaboration between humans and AI, not replacement.
The key difference here between science and e.g. software engineering is that science is not verifiable in any rapid/convenient way (unlike software), unlike programming. We still need humans for their scientific taste.
Today we all lost our jobs.....
Three Nature papers showing that scientists in the conventional sense are obsolete
At least read the first one.... the AI replaced all things that the scientist does ....
nature.com/articles/s41586-0…
Cristiano De Nobili retweeted
We’re sharing the research agenda of The Anthropic Institute, or TAI.
TAI will focus on four areas:
1) Economic diffusion
2) Threats and resilience
3) AI systems in the wild
4) AI-driven R&D
Read the full agenda: anthropic.com/research/anthr…
Cristiano De Nobili retweeted
From Qubit to Qubit: A Graduate Course in Quantum Mechanics arxiv.org/abs/2605.01585
































