Lp(a)HORIZON is negative. Does this mean the Lp(a) hypothesis is wrong? I don’t think we can conclude that — at least not yet. Before seeing the full data, several explanations deserve consideration: 1. Background therapy matters. In contemporary secondary prevention, aggressive LDL-C/ApoB lowering and comprehensive risk-factor control may substantially reduce the residual risk attributable to Lp(a) 2. Perhaps we are treating too late. Genetics reflects lifelong exposure to elevated Lp(a). Lowering Lp(a) for a few years after ASCVD is already established may simply be too little, too late 3. Magnitude and duration of Lp(a) lowering may matter. Not all Lp(a)-lowering strategies are equivalent. We need the achieved absolute levels, sustained reduction, adherence, and exposure over time before extrapolating HORIZON to the entire therapeutic class 4. The benefit may lie in the extreme tail. Perhaps the clinically modifiable risk is concentrated among patients with very high Lp(a). The prespecified analyses at higher baseline Lp(a) levels will be particularly important 5. Lp(a) concentration may not tell the whole biological story. OxPL burden, apo(a) isoform size, and particle composition may influence pathogenicity. Two patients with the same Lp(a) concentration may not necessarily carry the same Lp(a)-mediated risk 6. Could the endpoint dilute the signal? Lp(a) may preferentially affect coronary and recurrent events. Individual MI/revascularization and total-event analyses may tell a different story than first 4-point MACE. 7. Genetics may predict causality better than therapeutic effect size. Mendelian randomization reflects decades of exposure. It should not automatically be translated into the magnitude of benefit expected from a relatively short pharmacological intervention 8. Are we targeting Lp(a), but not necessarily its most pathogenic cargo? Lp(a) is the major carrier of oxidized phospholipids (OxPL), which contribute to vascular inflammation, plaque vulnerability and thrombogenicity. Lp(a) concentration may therefore be an imperfect surrogate for its biological activity. The relationship between Lp(a) lowering, OxPL reduction and clinical benefit deserves particular attention 9. Could intensive antiplatelet therapy attenuate the atherothrombotic component of Lp(a) risk? Lp(a) may promote thrombosis through platelet activation, coagulation and formation of more lysis-resistant clots. OxPL can also interact with platelet receptors. In a secondary-prevention population such as HORIZON, where aspirin and other antiplatelet therapies are extensively used, part of this pathway may already be pharmacologically suppressed — potentially leaving less Lp(a)-mediated risk for pelacarsen to modify 10. Low event rates may be part of the answer. Despite enrolling 8,323 high-risk secondary-prevention patients, HORIZON required a remarkably long follow-up to accrue the prespecified number of events. This suggests that contemporary secondary prevention substantially reduced the absolute residual risk available for Lp(a) lowering to modify. Nuestro análisis previo ya señalaba que la menor tasa de eventos era una de las principales amenazas para el estudio 11. Was HORIZON powered for a larger effect than the true pharmacological effect? An event-driven design protects statistical power if the required number of events is reached — but only for the effect size assumed in the design. If short-term pharmacological Lp(a) lowering produces a much smaller benefit than predicted from lifelong genetic exposure, even a trial of >8,000 patients may struggle to demonstrate it 12. The long time required to reach the endpoint may itself be biologically informative. These were patients with established ASCVD and very high Lp(a), yet events accumulated more slowly than anticipated. Perhaps elevated Lp(a) identifies substantial lifetime risk, but contributes less modifiable short-term residual risk once other major pathways are aggressively treated. 13. Six years is a long time for background therapy to evolve. During prolonged follow-up, increasing use of PCSK9 inhibitors, ezetimibe, bempedoic acid, inclisiran, SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists — together with improved BP and antithrombotic management — may have progressively reduced event rates in both groups. These potential therapeutic “drop-ins” were already a concern before the results were known 14. First events may not capture the entire Lp(a) burden. Lp(a) could influence recurrent coronary events and total atherosclerotic burden more strongly than time-to-first MACE. Analyses of total/recurrent events will therefore be particularly important 15. The “risk-factor exhaustion” hypothesis. With LDL-C around 65 mg/dL, intensive lipid-lowering therapy, antiplatelet treatment, good BP control and contemporary diabetes therapy, multiple atherogenic and thrombotic pathways were already being targeted. HORIZON may therefore have tested Lp(a) lowering in a setting where relatively little modifiable residual risk remained. The published baseline characteristics already showed how intensively treated this population was 16. Perhaps the effect of Lp(a) depends on the surrounding biological environment. The clinical consequences of Lp(a) may result from the interaction of apoB particle burden + OxPL-mediated inflammation + thrombosis/impaired fibrinolysis. With LDL/ApoB aggressively lowered and most patients receiving antiplatelet therapy, two important components of that environment may already have been attenuated. Maybe the key question is not simply whether Lp(a) is causal, but WHEN, in WHOM, and HOW MUCH it needs to be lowered to change clinical outcomes. Until we see the full HORIZON dataset, declaring the Lp(a) hypothesis dead seems premature. #Lp(a) #LipoproteinA #ASCVD #Cardiology #Atherosclerosis #Horizontes novartis.com/news/media-rele…

☝️Atherosclerosis starts earlier than we think 👉New data from the REACT study, published in NEJM, provide a striking picture of silent atherosclerosis across adult life: 1️⃣ 16,808 adults, aged 18–70 years, without known ASCVD. 2️⃣ Multimodal imaging included 3D carotid and femoral ultrasound plus coronary CT angiography. 3️⃣ Silent atherosclerosis was present in 57.1% of participants. 4️⃣ Even at 18–29 years, plaque was already present in 8.7% of men and 6.7% of women. 5️⃣ By age 30–39, prevalence reached 34.6% in men and 21.3% in women. 6️⃣Atherosclerosis appeared 5–10 years earlier in men, while women showed a later but steeper rise in midlife. 7️⃣ In younger adults, disease was usually peripheral and single-territory, especially carotid; with age, plaque burden increased exponentially and disease became increasingly multiterritorial. 8️⃣ ☝️Importantly, CAC = 0 did not exclude coronary plaque: among 30–39-year-olds with coronary atherosclerosis, ~42% of men and ~48% of women had zero coronary calcium 9️⃣ SCORE2 showed major discordance with actual disease burden: high SCORE2 had only 1.9% sensitivity for silent atherosclerosis. ☝️Key message: low short-term cardiovascular risk does not mean absence of atherosclerosis. 👉Risk scores estimate events. Imaging detects disease. REACT reminds us that prevention should begin long before cardiovascular risk becomes “high.” 🔗 nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NE… @society_eas