Assistant Proofessor at UPenn

Joined October 2025
Pratyush Mishra retweeted
Opus was, unfortunately, not cooking. (Even tough rated NP-hard got a chuckle out of me).
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lol, you only started caring about racism when it became a problem for you
I am a second-generation American. I was BORN in the United States. I was raised here. This is the only country I have ever called home. I grew up believing in mostly conservative principles. Individual liberty, meritocracy, personal responsibility, and the American Dream. I believed these were values worth defending. But somewhere along the way, something went terribly wrong. I watched fellow Americans being told they didn't belong because of the immutable characteristics like ancestry. I watched patriotism become a test of ethnicity. I watched people who spent their entire lives loving this country being treated like outsiders in their own homeland. And perhaps the most heartbreaking part was the silence of people we once considered political allies. Let me make something absolutely clear. My American identity is NOT conditional on my skin color. My citizenship is NOT diminished by my surname. And my patriotism does NOT require validation from anyone. I can disagree with you on immigration, economics, foreign policy, or virtually any political issue. That is democracy. But I will NEVER entertain a debate about whether I belong in the country where I was born. No political party is entitled to my unconditional loyalty. Especially not at the expense of my dignity. I did not come to America. I was born in America. And I refuse to spend the rest of my life proving that I belong in my own country. I am an American. Not a guest. Not a foreigner. Not a second-class citizen. An American. Full stop.
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Pratyush Mishra retweeted
So you want to factor a ~1024 bits semiprime number. I tell you, RSA-330 is your friend. Here's why. Back in 1971, Daniel Shanks made a fascinating observation: sometimes factoring 2N can actually be easier than factoring N (see quoted tweet). His algorithm uses binary quadratic forms and imaginary quadratic class groups, and its difficulty depends partly on the class number of the associated quadratic field. But here's the really interesting part: you can estimate that class number without knowing the prime factors of N, using quadratic characters and a truncated Euler product. This effectively gives you a numerical index that predicts how expensive Shanks's factoring algorithm will be. Two semiprimes with the same number of bits can have significantly different predicted computational costs. So I got curious and computed this index for all 54 RSA Factoring Challenge numbers, including those factored decades ago. One number stood out: RSA-330, a 1094 bit semiprime. For the discriminant D = −N, its estimated quadratic L value is just 0.26417, giving a normalized Shanks index of approximately 0.1321, the lowest among all 54 numbers I tested. That's around the 0.3rd percentile of a simulated random quadratic character distribution for its congruence class. In other words, RSA-330 appears unusually favorable for Shanks's algorithm compared with numbers of similar size. It gets even more interesting. Since RSA-330 is a semiprime satisfying N ≡ 3 (mod 8), genus theory tells us that the 2 Sylow subgroup of its quadratic class group is cyclic. There is exactly one nontrivial ambiguous class. Working with discriminant D = −4N, this class has a reduced representative (p, 0, q), where p and q are precisely the unknown prime factors. Since 0² − 4pq = −4N, finding this form immediately gives N = pq. The coefficients themselves are the factors. Of course, finding that ambiguous class is the difficult part. Even with RSA-330's unusually favorable index, Shanks's original algorithm would still require an astronomical number of operations. This is not a practical RSA break, and the index does not measure difficulty for NFS. But I think this makes a fascinating idea for autoresearch. Imagine an autonomous system exploring binary quadratic forms, alternative discriminants, class groups and methods for extracting 2 torsion. It could generate conjectures, test algorithms on smaller semiprimes, benchmark computational complexity and investigate whether we can find useful ambiguous classes without computing the entire class number. We already have a public target, a measurable difficulty index, a favorable algebraic structure and a precise research objective: find the unique nontrivial ambiguous class of RSA-330 without computing its full class number. What fascinates me most is the underlying idea: a number can have a measurable mathematical fingerprint of its factoring difficulty even when its prime factors are completely unknown. At least for a particular algorithm, we can predict something about the work before doing the factorization. Shanks was exploring this more than 50 years ago. Maybe it's time to revisit it with modern computation and autoresearch.
if you never read a Daniel Shanks paper, well you should. I admit the way he writes is a bit peculiar but it is full of jokes. Look at this one :D
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Pratyush Mishra retweeted
After 3 years of hard work, we are happy to release Zippel, a Language, Compiler, Runtime, and Analyzer for ZK Proof Systems (github.com/eniac/zippel). The paper is here (eprint.iacr.org/2026/2517). Zippel will appear at S&P 2027. 1/5
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Pratyush Mishra retweeted
La policía francesa ha dejado sin dientes a una estudiante con una granada, ha amputado la mano de un chico, ha dejado sin ojo a otro, ha ahogado a otro, ha violado a una estudiante en comisaría. Y nos quieren hacer creer que los “bárbaros” son quienes protestan.
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The cognate to Htt. paḫur⁠, Grk. pū̑r, Arm. hur, Eng. fȳr, Agnæan por ‘fire’ is typically thought lost in Indo-Iranian. But it actually survives at the Indic–Nuristani border in a few dialects. E.g., Ẓonćigal Kalaṣë (Nur.) pūṛ̆ ‘embers’, Dara-i Nur Pashai (IA) pōr ‘bonfire’.
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Shameful and immoral country
NEW: In a Texas courtroom Monday, 25 migrant children lined the pews — a 9yo rested her head on the table, a 6yo pretended to fly an airplane, and a 3yo played with the mic. Many in attendance didn't have an attorney — and a 13yo was ordered removed. A look inside, thru sketches.
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Pratyush Mishra retweeted
Just posted a survey of pseudorandom codes! They're a fascinating new crypto primitive equivalent to robust and quality-preserving watermarks. The survey is a handbook for researchers & has many open questions. Enjoy! eprint.iacr.org/2026/2162
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Pratyush Mishra retweeted
This is a natural follow-up question, though it falls somewhat outside the direct scope of the article. Briefly, I would explain the divergence as the result of different developments in the Indo-Aryan and Iranic branches rather than as the preservation of two original theological factions. Vedic ásura- underwent a semantic restriction, first becoming associated with human enemies or hostile leaders—perhaps through an association between exceptional power and tyranny—and subsequently with the cosmic enemies of the Devas. Avestan ahura-, by contrast, underwent no comparable semantic shift. It retained the meaning 'lord' and, even in the Young Avesta, could be applied to earthly leaders. The major Iranic innovation was instead the semantic shift of daēuua- from 'deity' to 'demon'. This is commonly connected with the Mazdayasnian religious reform, although the precise chronology and mechanism remain debated. Importantly, however, it is not clear that this amounted to the systematic demonisation of an inherited PIIr pantheon. There is, for instance, no evidence that figures such as Miϑra, Ārmaiti or Airiiaman were demonised; both remained positively integrated into Mazdayasnian theology. Moreover, some of the named Daēuuas of the Avesta, such as Iṇdra (Ved. Indra) and Sauruua (Ved. Śarva), are themselves likely to represent religious elements acquired from the BMAC contact zone rather than straightforwardly inherited PIIr deities. Thus, the semantic shift of daēuua- and the formation of Avestan demonology may represent related but distinct processes. I think this is more complicated than the usual idea that the Mazdayasnians simply 'demonised the old gods', and it is something I plan to explore in more detail in future work.
So why did they split and then drifted apart?
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Pratyush Mishra retweeted
GO BIRDS 🦅
MALALA IS AT THE EAGLES GAME?!??!?
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Pratyush Mishra retweeted
The entire AI world right now
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Pratyush Mishra retweeted
It's such a fundamental misunderstanding that mathematicians are trying to 'solve' mathematics. The closest that comes to 'solving' it is finding interesting tools to explore further with. That tech bros don't get this is a huge indictment.
Replying to @npparikh
i read the piece. i think it’s coming from a place of ego and being upset with an AI able to solve the problems they commit their livelihood to. he talks about taking the whimsy out of solving the problems, making it out like the AI just speed runs from question to solution without exploring the problem space. he clearly did not read the OpenAI breakdown of how it reached the NS solution. 10k agents exploring hundreds of variations, going down different potential pathways, talking amongst each other, millions of messages. take the life out of math? no, it’s exploring the space of possible solutions, like a human would. just in condensed time because it is hundreds of thousands of man hours coming down to bear. sorry Fields Medalists (literally he made sure everyone on the list was a prestigious Medalist, so yes this is about prestige), but you are being automated. i have sympathy. i think the post contains multiple dumb characterizations of how it is mathematicians jobs to “nurture the youth” it’s a human argument not a math argument and i’m sure it sucks to be them right now, but that’s life.
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Pratyush Mishra retweeted
Without commenting on the correctness of this claim, I want to briefly say a few words about what it would mean in practice. Chess is supportable as a hobby in part because one can pick up the rules of chess in an afternoon. While one can't quickly play at a high level, it is relatively easy to appreciate the game, and have fun at it. Research math is not like this. Over the last decades we have made incredible progress understanding basic concepts (number, shape, etc.) but the edifice we have built to do so requires an incredible time investment. Learning the ideas that go into proving, or understanding the proof of, basic statements like Fermat's last theorem requires years of institutional support. It's possible that soon, AI will be able to do work at this level; despite recent successes, this isn't the case yet. But even if it can do this, why would it? Without people who care about these deep but fundamental ideas, who will ask it to? Perhaps it might on its own, or a person asking it to "do some cool math" might elicit a similarly deep idea, but who would understand it, if doing so requires years of unsupported work? In practice, turning pure math into a hobby means the end of pure math, and the end of people who understand basic mathematical concepts at a deep level. Whether this is something we want is something we'll have to decide together.
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Pratyush Mishra retweeted
According to my memory from last night and the wayback machine, OpenAI updated the Navier-Stokes pdf at Tue, 08 Sep 2026 19:09:35 GMT. The original version was one page shorter and did not contain any citations to Diego Córdoba and Luis Martínez-Zoroa: web.archive.org/web/20260000…
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What a fucking child
RATIOOOOOO LET'S GOOOOOOO GET THE FUCKING MIDDLE EAST OUT OF AMERICAN POLITICS!!!
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Pratyush Mishra retweeted
Anthropic just uploaded a Lean 4 proof for Fermat's last Theorem github.com/anthropics/fermat…
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Pratyush Mishra retweeted
Excited to share a joint work with Joshua Brakensiek, Yeyuan Chen, Louie Putterman, and Zihan Zhang (@VVfishtail) on list decoding Reed–Solomon codes up to capacity in the low, but still constant, rate regime! eccc.weizmann.ac.il/report/2… 1/5
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