
ALT Title: The Quiet Influence: Are Germany’s High-Level Visits for Democratic Durability? Abstract: While great powers often use diplomacy to ensure incumbent survival, this article asks whether democratic middle powers instead deploy high-level visits to foster democratic durability during times of internal turbulence. Analyzing a novel dataset of German Chancellor visits (1991–2023), we find that domestic instability acts as a strategic filter for engagement. Probit estimates demonstrate that instability significantly increases the likelihood of a visit when the host is a democracy, whereas instability in autocracies deters engagement. This indicates Germany strategically deploys “symbolic capital” to validate democratic resilience during turbulence. The analysis further reveals a partisan asymmetry: this responsiveness is driven primarily by Christian Democratic Union (CDU) governments and amplified following Germany’s post-2013 shift toward assertiveness.






























