Laurie Huning

ALT A series of 3 diagrams showing drought-related processes and cascading hazards. a, Select hydrological processes during normal or wet years. b, Drought-related processes during extreme drought years, including burned areas due to cascading wildfires. c, Post-fire debris flows as an example of a cascading hazard. During drought, soil moisture deficit reduces evapotranspiration, increases sensible heat and decreases latent heat, and enhances surface warming, in turn increasing the likelihood heatwave intensification, contributing to wildfire development which can later cause cascading hazards.

ALT Two cartoon diagrams showing changes in mountain environments from historical snow conditions to potential future low-to-no snow conditions. In the future scenario, there is less solar radiation reflection, more evapotranspiration, and less mountain recharge (among other aspects). A plot beneath the diagrams shows historical and potential future seasonal trends in groundwater and streamflow (the future scenario has lower groundwater and streamflow in summer, and higher in winter compared to historical).