Bosons are the particles that carry forces. The photon and the gluon are massless, so electromagnetism reaches across the universe, while gluons stay confined inside protons and neutrons. The W and Z carry the weak force and are about 86 and 97 times heavier than a proton. That mass limits their reach to roughly 10⁻¹⁸ m, which is why the weak force is so short ranged. Their ratio fixes the weak mixing angle, with sin²θ = 1 − (80.37 / 91.19)² ≈ 0.223. The W and Z were found at CERN in 1983. The Higgs boson is different. It has spin 0, and the Higgs field it belongs to is what gives the W and Z their mass. It was found at the LHC in 2012.