People, power, and the choices that shaped history. Exploring the past through historical records, eyewitness accounts, and archival images.
Joined August 2026
- Tweets3K
- Following3.3K
- Followers3.5K
- Likes13.5K
Pinned Tweet
나무 한 그루를 베기 위해 폭격기와 항공모함까지 움직였다.
1976년 8월 18일, 판문점 공동경비구역에서 가지치기 작업을 지키던 미군 장교 두 명이 북한군에게 살해됐다. 시야를 가리던 미루나무의 가지를 정리하러 갔던 아서 보니파스 대위와 마크 배럿 중위였다.
북한군은 작업 중단을 요구하다가 현장의 유엔군 경비병들을 공격했다. 나뭇가지를 자르려고 가져온 도끼가 사람을 죽이는 흉기가 됐다. 한국군과 미군 경비병들도 다쳤다. 우리가 ‘판문점 도끼 만행사건’으로 기억하는 일이다.
사흘 뒤, 한미 양국은 같은 장소로 돌아왔다. 이번에는 가지를 치는 대신 나무를 베어버리기로 했다.
작전명은 ‘폴 버니언’. 미국 민담에 등장하는 거인 벌목꾼의 이름이었다.
전기톱을 든 미군 공병들을 무장 병력이 호위했고, 한국군 특전사도 투입됐다. 상공에는 공격헬기와 전투기, B-52 전략폭격기가 동원됐으며, 항공모함 미드웨이 전단도 한반도 인근 해역으로 이동했다. 북한군이 다시 공격할 경우에 대비한 무력시위였다.
공병들이 나무를 자르는 동안 북한군은 지켜봤지만 공격하지 않았다. 작업은 추가 교전 없이 끝났다.
같은 날 김일성은 사건에 유감을 표하는 메시지를 보냈다. 다만 북한군의 살해 책임을 명확히 인정한 사과는 아니었다. 사건 이후에는 공동경비구역 안에서도 군사분계선을 사이에 두고 양측 경비구역이 분리됐다.
잘린 나무가 있던 자리에는 두 장교를 기리는 표석이 남았다. 보니파스는 소령으로 추서됐고, 그의 이름은 판문점 인근 기지의 이름이 됐다.
이 작전의 목표는 나무 한 그루였지만, 그 뒤에 걸린 것은 더 컸다. 동료를 잃은 자리로 돌아가 작업을 끝내겠다는 의지, 그리고 다시 공격하면 대응하겠다는 경고였다.
나무 한 그루를 베는 데 이만한 군사력이 필요했던 곳을, 우리는 과연 평화로운 공동경비구역이라고 부를 수 있었을까?
신라와 가야가 맞닿던 곳에도 평범한 일상이 있었다.
부산 정관신도시를 개발하던 땅에서 오래된 마을의 흔적이 드러났다. 가동유적에서 발굴된 집터는 150곳, 고상창고는 73동, 저장구덩이는 23기였다. 새로 사람들이 살아갈 도시 아래에, 먼저 그곳에서 살아간 사람들의 집과 창고가 남아 있었던 것이다.
삼국시대 기장은 신라와 가야 문화가 맞닿던 접경지였다.
가동유적의 네모난 집자리와 구들에서는 신라 주거문화의 영향을 읽어내는 연구도 있다. 두 문화의 만남은 무덤에 묻힌 귀한 물건뿐 아니라 사람들이 불을 때고 몸을 누이던 집에서도 살펴볼 수 있다.
이곳의 생활을 보여주는 것은 화려한 보물보다 집과 살림의 흔적이다. 구들은 취사와 난방에 쓰였고, 창고와 저장구덩이에는 곡식과 식량을 보관했다.
당시 사람들이 생선을 많이 먹었다는 박물관의 설명도 눈길을 끈다. 삼국시대의 밥상이라고 해서 오늘날과 전혀 동떨어진 음식만 올라왔던 것은 아니다. 음식을 담던 그릇과 조리도구를 보면, 멀게 느껴지던 시대에도 우리가 알아볼 수 있는 생활이 있었다.
정관박물관에는 가동유적 36호 집자리를 재현해 놓았다. 왕궁이나 거대한 성곽 대신 사람들이 살아가던 집 안을 들여다볼 수 있는 공간이다. 직접 보고 놀랐던 것도 바로 그 평범함이었다.
역사책에는 왕과 장군의 이름이 남았지만, 그 시대를 살아낸 대부분의 사람들은 이름을 남기지 못했다. 가동에는 그 이름 대신 집터와 창고가 남아 있다.
우리가 삼국시대를 떠올릴 때, 전쟁 사이에서 밥을 짓고 살아가던 사람들은 얼마나 생각하고 있을까?
JOHAN retweeted
#도서무료제공 #완뿝
>> 👨🏾: 하 진짜 힘들어 죽겠슨 개 힘들게 18년 동안 뺑이치고 왔더니 우리 아들래미가 살인죄로 감옥에 들어갔다네 . . 뭐? 거기서 죽었다고? . .
📢📢 제가 감히 말씀드립니다! >>크라임씬<< 좋아하시는 분들은 이 책 당장 읽으세요. 추리소설의 바이블입니다!
──────────────────────
💬 살인죄로 복역했던 남자의 아버지는 살인사건이 일어난 현장을 무인도에 고대-로 재현 하는데요? 진짜 부라는 게 숨긴다고 숨겨지는 것도 아니고 . . 자취방은 물론 술집, 과일가게까지 아주 완벽히 재현해냅니다!
ㄴ 아니 근데 이것도 범죄 아니에요?
ㄴ 내가 지금 범죄 따지게 생겼냐?!! 👨🏾
자신의 사회적 지위와 체면을 지키겠다고 거짓 증언을 한다. 이건 정의의 문제이고, ▒▒▒는 그 정의를 짓밟은 셈이었다. - 92p
7인의 증인을 모아두고 본인들이 한 증언을 하나하나 되짚어 보는 가해자의 아버지. 아니 그런데 증언이 조금씩 뒤바뀌기 시작합니다?
인간은 진지해야 할 때 오히려 진지해지지 못하는 구석이 있다. 더구나 남의 운명에는 무딘 법이다. 오직 자신의 운명이 걸렸을 때만 예민해진다. - 125p
🏝️ 다들 예상하시겠죠? 이들이 모인 장소에서 범행이 또 하나 발생합니다. 본인들이 목격자 진술을 할 때와, 용의자를 피하기 위한 변명을 할 때의 자세 또한 달라지는데요.
ㄴ 이 스토리가 흥미로우시다면 ! 히가시노게이고 작가의 <11문자 살인사건>을 읽어보세요?🗯️ 완전 강추강추 !
──────────────────────
저는 이 책을 읽으면서 >증언<의 진실성과 그 가치에 대해 더 생각해 보게 되었어요.
과연 우리들이 >기억해야만 한다<고 믿는 사실이 어느 순간 진실이 되어버리는 건 아닐까. 그렇다면 그런 증언은 얼마나 가치가 있을까.
우리가 봤고, 들었고, 기억한다고 말하는 것들은 과연 진실에 얼마나 가까운 걸까요. 누군가에겐 그 한마디, 한마디가 너무도 간절한 증언일 수 있지 않을까요.
──────────────────────
이 흥미로운 스토리는 블루홀식스 출판사의 니시무라 고타로 장편소설, <7인의 증인>에서 만나보실 수 있습니다! ✨
책 보자마자 내꺼다 싶긴 햇는데 소설 배경 미쳤음
7명의 사람들이 납치를 당함 범인도 ㅈㄴ 웃긴게 안경쓴 사람 안경은 주머니에 고이 넣어주고, 납치만 됐다 뿐이지 뭐 두드려팬 곳도 없음
7명이 만나서 이제 여기가 어딘지 한번 둘러보자 했는데 ㄹㅇ 사방이 바다인 무인도인 것임... 아니 근데 저 집은 우리집이고, 이 술집은 내 단골 술집이고. .
알고보니 1년 전 이 동ㄴ.. 아 재현한 동네에서 벌어진 살인사건의 진범 아버지가 아들의 무죄를 밝히기위해 무인도를 사고, 그 동네와 똑같이 재현한 것.
ㄴ 어느정도냐면 사람들 집, 방까지 똑같다네요 .. . 부라는게 숨긴다고 숨겨지는 것도 아니고 어쩌고
50페이지 안팎으로 이정도 흥미 끌어내는 거라면 ㄹㅇ 오늘 안에 다 읽을 자신 100✊🏻
China Called It the “Pacified South.” Vietnam Remembers Northern Domination.
In 679, the Tang dynasty established the Protectorate of Annan in what is now northern Vietnam.
Annan meant “Pacified South.”
The name reflected the imperial court’s view. Vietnamese history remembers the broader era as Bắc thuộc—northern domination.
It began centuries earlier. In 111 BC, the Han empire conquered Nanyue and brought the Red River region under its authority.
For local people, imperial rule meant taxes, compulsory labor and tribute. Pearls and ivory flowed toward the court. Households supported the officials and soldiers who governed them.
Chinese institutions, customs and education spread. Classical Chinese became a language of government and elite learning.
But local speech and customs endured. So did resistance.
In AD 40, the Trưng sisters expelled Han officials and established their own rule. Other periods of independence and autonomy interrupted the centuries of domination.
Control varied across dynasties. This history chiefly concerned northern Vietnam, not the whole modern country.
Yet who held the power to demand its wealth, labor and allegiance?
Calling a land “pacified” speaks for its conquerors.
As a Korean, I feel a complicated mix of emotions looking at this history.
What would the people paying the taxes and supplying the labor have called it?
Các triều đại Trung Hoa gọi vùng đất ấy là “An Nam”. Việt Nam nhớ về thời kỳ ấy với tên gọi “Bắc thuộc”.
Năm 679, nhà Đường lập An Nam đô hộ phủ trên vùng đất thuộc miền Bắc Việt Nam ngày nay.
“An Nam” mang nghĩa “bình định phương Nam”.
Tên gọi ấy phản ánh góc nhìn của triều đình đế quốc. Trong lịch sử Việt Nam, thời kỳ bị các triều đại phương Bắc cai trị được gọi là Bắc thuộc.
Thời kỳ này bắt đầu từ nhiều thế kỷ trước. Năm 111 trước Công nguyên, nhà Hán chinh phục Nam Việt, đưa vùng châu thổ sông Hồng vào phạm vi cai trị.
Với người dân địa phương, sự cai trị ấy đồng nghĩa với thuế khóa, lao dịch và cống nạp. Ngọc trai, ngà voi được đưa về triều đình. Người dân còn phải nuôi bộ máy quan lại và quân đội cai trị mình.
Thể chế, phong tục và giáo dục Trung Hoa lan rộng. Chữ Hán trở thành ngôn ngữ của hành chính và học thuật trong giới tinh hoa.
Nhưng tiếng nói và phong tục bản địa vẫn tồn tại. Sự phản kháng cũng vậy.
Năm 40, Hai Bà Trưng đánh đuổi quan lại nhà Hán và giành quyền tự chủ. Những giai đoạn độc lập và tự chủ khác cũng xen giữa các thế kỷ bị đô hộ.
Mức độ kiểm soát thay đổi qua từng triều đại. Phạm vi ấy chủ yếu là miền Bắc Việt Nam ngày nay, không phải toàn bộ lãnh thổ Việt Nam hiện đại.
Nhưng ai nắm quyền đòi hỏi của cải, sức lao động và lòng trung thành của người dân?
Gọi một vùng đất là đã được “bình định” là nói từ phía người chinh phục.
Là một người Hàn Quốc, tôi có những cảm xúc đan xen, khó diễn tả khi nhìn lại lịch sử này.
Vậy những người phải nộp thuế và đi lao dịch sẽ gọi thời kỳ ấy là gì?
The Mongols Took Vietnam’s Capital. Trần Hưng Đạo Took Their Fleet.
The Yuan fleet was heading home through Vietnam’s Bạch Đằng River. Beneath the rising water, sharpened wooden stakes waited.
Trần Hưng Đạo had prepared the river for their arrival.
Kublai Khan’s forces had captured Thăng Long, now Hanoi, during their third invasion of Đại Việt. But the Trần rulers and their army had escaped, and a Yuan supply fleet had been destroyed near Vân Đồn.
The invaders held the capital. They could not feed their troops.
When they withdrew in 1288, Trần Hưng Đạo was ready. His men planted stakes in the tidal channels and concealed troops along the banks.
On April 9, Vietnamese boats engaged the retreating fleet, then drew it toward the trap.
As the tide fell, stakes and shallows restricted the Yuan ships. Vietnamese forces attacked from the river and shore. Fireboats struck the crowded fleet.
The route home became a killing ground.
Omar, the Yuan commander, was captured. Vietnam’s military encyclopedia records more than 400 enemy vessels seized. Kublai’s third invasion ended in defeat.
What stays with me is how Trần Hưng Đạo turned the invaders’ retreat into disaster, using the tides, the terrain and a carefully prepared ambush.
Looking at his victories, why do I keep thinking of Admiral Yi Sun-sin, the legendary naval commander of Korea’s Joseon dynasty?
What do you think of my view that Trần Hưng Đạo and Admiral Yi Sun-sin have much in common?
JOHAN retweeted
ช่วงนี้มีบทความเรื่องสงครามเกาหลี ที่เขียนเล่าประวัติศาสตร์สงคราม และประวัติศาสตร์น้ำใจประเทศไทยเยอะมาก
ช่วงระหว่าง 23 ตุลาคม – 11 พฤศจิกายนของทุกปี
เกาหลีใต้จัดกิจกรรมUN Weeks in Busan
เป็นสัปดาห์สหประชาชาติ ณ เมืองปูซาน
มันเป็นช่วงเวลารำลึกถึงทหารผ่านศึกและผู้เสียชีวิตในสงครามเกาหลี
( จริงๆช่วงนี้สถานการณ์บริเวณเขตปลอดทหาร DMZ ชายแดนสองฝั่งตึงเครียดขึ้นอยู่นะ เมนฉันก็เข้าหรมกันเยอะ ใจฉันก็ไม่ดี)
บทความนนี้เขียนเล่าเรื่องทหารไทยไว้ว่า
" มีทหารไทยผู้จุดชนวนระเบิดคลังเเสงในเปียงยาง
นายบรรจบ โตนวล ในวัย25 ปี ได้เดินทางจากประเทศไทยสู่สมรภูมิสงครามเกาหลี และการเดินทางในครั้งนั้นนำพาเขาไปไกลจนถึงกรุงเปียงยาง
ตามคำบอกเล่า ในช่วงเดือนพฤศจิกายน ปี ค.ศ. 1950 บรรจบและเพื่อนทหารในหน่วยต้องใช้เวลาถึงสิบวันบนขบวนรถไฟที่มุ่งหน้าจากแทกูสู่เมืองหลวงของเกาหลีเหนือ
ขณะนั้นกองกำลังสหประชาชาติสามารถเข้ายึดครองเมืองไว้ได้ ทว่าเมื่อกองทัพจีนก้าวเข้าสู่สงคราม การบุกจึงต้องปรับถอยร่นเพื่อดูสถานการณ์
ยามที่กองทัพจีนรุกคืบเข้าใกล้กรุงเปียงยาง บรรจบเป็นหนึ่งในทหารสิบคนที่ได้รับมอบหมายภารกิจสำคัญ นั่นคือการทำลายอาวุธยุทโธปกรณ์และเสบียงอาหาร ณ คลังแสงแห่งนั้น
และตัวเขาเองที่เป็นผู้จุดชนวนระเบิดลูดนั้นด้วยตัวเอง
แรงระเบิดนั้นมหาศาล กึกก้อง ทำลายล้างทุกอย่าง
หลังจากนั้น บรรจบและเพื่อนทหารจึงเริ่มออกเดินทางมุ่งหน้าลงใต้
เขาเดินทางไกลหลายพันกิโลเมตรจากประเทศไทยเพื่อมาร่วมรบในเกาหลี และในยามนี้ เขาจำต้องทิ้งเมืองหลวงของเกาหลีเหนือไว้เบื้องหลัง ท่ามกลางการถอนกำลังของกองกำลังสหประชาชาติ
บรรจบมีชีวิตรอดผ่านพ้นสงคราม และในเวลาต่อมาเขาได้เติบโตจนเป็นนายทหาร แม้เวลาจะล่วงเลยไปหลายทศวรรษ เขายังคงจดจำภาพความย่อยยับอับปางที่ได้ประจักษ์แก่สายตา ตลอดจนความอดทนอันทรหดของชาวเกาหลีได้ไม่เคยลืม
จากหัวใจชาวเกาหลีใต้ ข้าพเจ้าขอแสดงความซาบซึ้งใจอย่างที่สุดต่อเหล่าเหล่านักรบผ่านศึกสงครามเกาหลีของไทย และต่อประชาชนชาวไทยทุกคน
แต่ใครเล่าจะรู้ว่า
ความโหดร้ายทารุณของสงครามแบบใดกันแน่...
ที่เขาได้เคยพบเห็น "
พันโทบรรจบ โตนวล ไม่ได้เคยผ่านแค่สงครมเกาหลีนะ ตามประวัติสัมภาษณ์ท่านได้รับการยกย่องว่า วีรบุรุษ 3 สมรภูมิ (สงครามเกาหลี, สงครามทุ่งช้าง จนถึงสงครามเวียดนาม )
กองกำลังทหารไทยในเกาหลีชื่อ กรมผสมที่ 21 ทำการรบอย่างห้าวหาญทุกผลัด จนต่อมา ปี 2495 ทหารอเมริกันตั้งฉายาให้ว่า “พยัคฆ์น้อย” (Little Tiger)
สมัยนั้นส.ท.บรรจบ โตนวล กับเพื่อน บัญชาการลูกน้อง 9 คนอยู่ที่เปียงยาง
ทหารอเมริกันสั่งให้ถอยเป็นหน่วยๆ ส่วนทหารชาติอื่นที่ยังอยู่คือ ฟิลิปปินส์ อังกฤษ ตุรกี เกาหลีใต้ อยู่เป็นทหารส่วนรั้งท้าย
สท.บรรจบทำหน้าที่ทหารไทยส่วนรั้งท้าย มีรถจี๊ป 2 คัน คันละ 5 คน ประจำที่เปียงยาง
เมื่อทหารไทยถอยไปแล้ว 3 วัน ทหารไทยส่วนรั้งท้ายได้รับหน้าที่ให้ทำลายกระสุนปืนของอเมริกันที่เหลือจำนวนมาก กองสุมขนาดใหญ่ประมาณสนามหลวง สท.บรรจบวางชนวนด้วยรถจี๊ป จุดทำลายไม่ให้ทหารจีนมาใช้ประโยชน์ มีทหารอังกฤษมาตรวจการวางระเบิดทำลายกระสุนครั้งนั้น
การรบคราวนั้น ถอยมาจากแม่น้ำยาลู สท.บรรจบพอทำลายอาวุธเสร็จก็หนีมาที่เมืองเคซอง (ตรงเส้นขนานที่ 38) เป็นเมืองของเกาหลีใต้ การเดินทางใช้การติดต่อทางวิทยุ วิ่งตามแผนที่มาเคซอง มารวมตัวกับหน่วยเดิมที่เมืองนี้
จากเคซอง ถอยหนีมาเรื่อยๆ พร้อมกับทหารอเมริกัน มาถึงเมืองอินชอน แล้วทหารไทยกับทหารทุกประเทศ กองกำลังสหประชาชาติและทหารอเมริกันตีกลับ ยึดเคซองกลับคืน
การรบดำเนินต่อไป
ทหารไทยที่อยู่แนวหน้าได้พัก สท.บรรจบได้พัก 7 วัน บินไปพักผ่อนที่โตเกียว
แล้วบินกลับจากโตเกียว มารบต่อที่เคซองจนทหารผลัด 1 ครบเทอมได้กลับบ้าน
ส.ท.บรรจบอยู่ที่เกาหลี 11 เดือน 21วัน ทหารไทยผลัดที่ 2 มารับหน้าที่ที่เมืองเคซอง คุณพ่อส่งต่อหน้าที่ให้ ส.ท.ชาญ กำหนดแน่ ทำการรบต่อไป
ส.ท.บรรจบ โตนวล เดินทางกลับประเทศไทยด้วยเรืออานนท์เม็กซ์ จากท่าเรือปูซาน นั่งเรือสินค้าไปไต้หวัน 2 วัน เปลี่ยนเรือกลับไทย ถึงเมืองไทยปลายปี 2494
รวมการปฏิบัติราชการเกาหลีก็หนึ่งปีเต็มเลย
A Thai Soldier Blew Up an Ammunition Depot in North Korea’s Capital.
“I was the one who ignited the explosion.”
Banjop Tonuan was 25 when he left Thailand for the Korean War. His journey took him all the way to Pyongyang.
In November 1950, he and his unit spent ten days on a train from Daegu to the North Korean capital, according to his later account.
UN forces had taken the city. Then Chinese forces entered the war, and the advance turned into a retreat.
As Chinese troops approached Pyongyang, Tonuan was one of ten soldiers assigned to destroy ammunition and supplies at a depot.
He lit the explosives.
The blast was enormous. Afterward, he and the others headed south.
He had traveled thousands of kilometers from Thailand to fight in Korea. Now he was leaving a North Korean city behind as the UN forces withdrew.
Tonuan survived the war and later became an officer. Decades later, he still remembered the destruction he had witnessed and the patience of the Korean people.
From South Korea, I offer my deepest gratitude to Thailand’s Korean War veterans and to the Thai people.
What horrors of war did he witness?
삼국지의 손권은 고구려와 손잡으려 했지만 동천왕은 그 사신의 목을 위나라에 보냈다.
“왕은 그 사신을 잡아두었다가 목을 베어 위나라에 보냈다.”
『삼국사기』에 기록된 오나라 사신의 최후다.
처음부터 고구려와 오나라의 관계가 나빴던 것은 아니다. 손권은 위나라를 견제할 동맹과 군마를 얻기 위해 바다 건너 요동의 공손연에게 사신을 보냈다.
하지만 233년, 공손연은 태도를 바꿔 사신들의 목을 베고 그 머리를 위나라에 보냈다.
사절단 일부는 가까스로 고구려로 도망쳤다.
동천왕은 이들을 받아들여 호위병까지 붙여 오나라로 돌려보냈다.
손권은 고구려에 다시 사절단을 보내 왕에게 작위와 선물을 전하려 했다.
그러나 위나라도 고구려에 접근해 오나라 사신을 붙잡으라고 권하고 있었다.
동천왕은 직접 나가는 대신 자기 관리들을 보내 오나라 사신을 만나게 했다.
그러자 사신 사굉은 고구려 측 일행 30여 명을 붙잡아 인질로 삼았다.
왕은 사과하며 말 수백 필을 보냈다. 사굉은 그중 80필을 배에 싣고 오나라로 돌아갔다.
그 뒤인 236년, 손권은 다시 사신 호위를 보내 고구려와 사이좋게 지내기를 청했다.
이번에는 동천왕이 사신을 붙잡았다. 몇 달 뒤 호위를 처형한 그는 그 머리를 위나라에 보냈다.
고구려는 오나라 대신 위나라를 택했고, 238년에는 위나라가 공손연을 공격할 때 군사까지 보내 도왔다.
그러나 그 관계도 오래가지 않았다. 242년 고구려가 위나라의 서안평을 공격한 뒤 위군이 침공했고, 수도 환도성이 함락되자 동천왕은 피신해야 했다.
손권의 사신의 머리를 받았던 위나라가 이제 고구려의 적이 된 것이다.
오늘의 동맹이 내일의 적이 될 수 있는 상황에서, 고구려는 어떻게 살아남아야 했을까?
A Thai Soldier Blew Up an Ammunition Depot in North Korea’s Capital.
“I was the one who ignited the explosion.”
Banjop Tonuan was 25 when he left Thailand for the Korean War. His journey took him all the way to Pyongyang.
In November 1950, he and his unit spent ten days on a train from Daegu to the North Korean capital, according to his later account.
UN forces had taken the city. Then Chinese forces entered the war, and the advance turned into a retreat.
As Chinese troops approached Pyongyang, Tonuan was one of ten soldiers assigned to destroy ammunition and supplies at a depot.
He lit the explosives.
The blast was enormous. Afterward, he and the others headed south.
He had traveled thousands of kilometers from Thailand to fight in Korea. Now he was leaving a North Korean city behind as the UN forces withdrew.
Tonuan survived the war and later became an officer. Decades later, he still remembered the destruction he had witnessed and the patience of the Korean people.
From South Korea, I offer my deepest gratitude to Thailand’s Korean War veterans and to the Thai people.
What horrors of war did he witness?
작은 나라가 백제의 장군들을 회의장 아래에 남겨두었다.
바다 건너 왜에서 온 사신이 높은 건물로 안내되자 안라의 왕이 그 뒤를 따라 올라갔다. 그러나 백제에서 보낸 장군들은 아래에 남겨졌다.
“장군들은 뜰에 있는 것을 한스럽게 여겼다.”
일본의 역사서 『일본서기』에 기록된 이 회의가 열린 곳은 한반도 남부의 가야 여러 나라 가운데 하나인 안라였다. 주변 나라들이 점점 강해지는 가운데, 안라는 살아남을 길을 찾고 있었다.
6세기 백제와 신라는 가야에 대한 영향력을 놓고 경쟁했고, 바다 건너 오늘날 일본에 있던 왜도 이 문제에 관여했다.
안라는 높은 건물을 새로 짓고 왜의 사신과 백제·신라의 대표들을 맞이했다. 『일본서기』에 따르면 여러 달에 걸쳐 두세 차례 논의가 이어졌는데, 안라의 왕과 왜의 사신이 건물 위에 있는 동안 백제 장군들은 아래에 남아 있었다.
회의가 끝난 뒤에도 가야를 둘러싼 각축은 계속됐다.
541년에는 가야 7개 나라의 대표들이 백제의 수도 사비에서 백제 왕을 만났다. 이들은 세력을 넓혀가는 신라에 맞설 도움을 구했지만, 백제 역시 가야에 대한 영향력을 원했다.
544년에도 사비에서 두 번째 회의가 열렸지만, 가야의 미래를 둘러싼 경쟁은 끝나지 않았다.
결국 외교는 신라의 팽창을 막지 못했다. 562년 신라가 대가야를 정복하면서 가야의 마지막 주요 국가 가운데 하나가 무너졌다.
안라에 모였던 이들은 강한 이웃 나라들 사이에서 살아남을 길을 찾으려 했다.
가야의 나라들은 외교만으로 독립을 지켜낼 수 있었을까?
Two Vietnamese Sisters Challenged an Empire. Sixty-Five Strongholds Fell.
“Some sixty-five strongholds were taken. She proclaimed herself ruler.”
A Chinese history recorded what happened when Trưng Trắc and her younger sister, Trưng Nhị, rose against Han rule.
In AD 40, the sisters launched their rebellion in what is now northern Vietnam. Communities across several commanderies joined them. Han officials struggled to hold their remaining positions.
Trưng Trắc became queen and ruled from Mê Linh.
The emperor prepared a campaign to retake the region. Roads and bridges were repaired, ships and carts assembled, and grain stockpiled. General Ma Yuan was sent south.
In AD 42, his army reached Lãng Bạc. The sisters’ forces fought but lost ground and withdrew toward Cấm Khê. Ma Yuan pursued them.
The resistance continued into AD 43. That year, the sisters died.
The Chinese Book of the Later Han says they were beheaded and their heads sent to Luoyang. Vietnamese tradition remembers them throwing themselves into a river.
Even after their defeat, resistance continued in other areas. Han forces pursued the remaining fighters, and hundreds of local leaders were deported.
Their rule had lasted roughly three years.
Nearly 2,000 years later, Vietnam still honors the sisters in temples, festivals and images of them riding elephants.
If an empire calls them rebels, does that make their fight for self-rule any less legitimate?
They Came from Thailand, the Land of Smiles. In Korea, They Became “Little Tigers.”
On a Korean hill under Chinese attack, a mortar shell destroyed a Thai soldier’s bunker, disabled his machine gun and wounded him.
The Thai soldier returned to the position with a carbine.
Then he found another heavy machine gun, took it apart and carried it forward in several trips. He reassembled it on a destroyed bunker and fired at the advancing attackers.
This was Pork Chop Hill, Korea, on 1 November 1952.
The soldier was Private Chuerak Kichprachoom. His Silver Star citation records those actions.
He belonged to the Thai battalion attached to the U.S. 9th Infantry Regiment, 2nd Infantry Division.
That November, Chinese troops repeatedly attacked the hill. Bombardments damaged the defenses. The fighting reached close quarters.
The Thais fought back with American artillery support, counterattacks and hand-to-hand combat.
They held the position.
South Korea’s veterans ministry remembers this defense as the battle that earned the Thai soldiers their nickname: “Little Tigers.”
Thailand sent 6,326 personnel to the Korean War. South Korean records list 129 killed, 1,139 wounded and five missing across the war—not this battle alone.
Behind the nickname were men who had crossed the sea to fight in another country, and families waiting for them to return.
From South Korea, I offer my deepest gratitude to Thailand’s Korean War veterans and to the Thai people.
How many people remember that Thai soldiers stood against Chinese attacks on Korea’s hills?
China Trained Its Troops Here. More Than 4,000 Vietnamese Soldiers Died.
“Training troops through rotational combat.”
A Chinese participant later described this as one purpose of operations on the Vietnam border.
Across that front, Vietnamese soldier Nguyễn Viết Ninh had carved a different message into his rifle stock:
“Alive, cling to the rocks. Dead, turn to stone. Become immortal.”
The border war had continued after China’s 1979 invasion. In April 1984, Chinese troops attacked and seized hilltop positions in northern Vietnam.
Vietnamese troops tried to take them back. On 12 July, their counterattack failed. Hundreds died.
The survivors faced years of artillery fire and fighting over rock, trench and cave. Water had to be carried up to the positions. At some points, opposing troops were only tens of metres apart.
China rotated units through the front so successive formations could gain combat experience.
Ninh fought on Hill 685 in January 1985. He was wounded repeatedly, continued fighting and died.
His rifle survived. Vietnamese reporting later placed it in the Military Region 2 Museum, still bearing its inscription.
According to a Vietnamese veterans’ association, more than 4,000 Vietnamese troops died across the Vị Xuyên front between 1984 and 1989.
Chinese units came away with combat experience. Vietnamese families were still searching for their sons’ remains decades later.
Who gave China the right to use Vietnam’s border as a classroom for war?
P1. Chinese assault-team leader Ma Quanbin reports to headquarters by radio during fighting on the Sino-Vietnamese border. (Colorized.)
P2. Chinese officers and soldiers watch live footage of Operation Lan Jian B, 14 October 1986.
P3. Vietnamese soldiers carry water to frontline positions at Vị Xuyên. (Colorized.)
P4. A relative mourns as the remains of Vietnamese soldier Nguyễn Viết Ninh are brought home decades after his death, 2014.
대한제국이 무너진 뒤, 황족들은 어떻게 살았을까?
고종의 아들 가운데 한 사람은 일본군 장군이 됐고, 다른 한 사람은 독립운동가들과 함께 해외로 탈출하려다 붙잡혔다. 막내딸은 일본에서 오랜 세월을 보낸 끝에 해방 후에도 한참이 지나서야 고국으로 돌아올 수 있었다.
황태자였던 영친왕 이은은 나라가 망하기 전인 1907년 일본으로 보내졌다. 그곳에서 군사교육을 받고 일본 육군 중장까지 올랐으나, 영구 귀국한 1963년에는 중병으로 의식을 잃은 상태였다.
형인 의친왕 이강은 1919년 독립운동가들의 도움을 받아 상하이 대한민국임시정부로 향하려 했다. 그러나 만주 안둥에서 일본 경찰에 붙잡히면서 망명은 실패했고, 그는 서울로 압송됐다.
덕혜옹주 역시 1925년 일본으로 보내졌으며, 그곳에서 조현병을 앓게 됐다. 이후 일본 귀족과 결혼했으나 병세는 계속됐고, 한동안 정신병원에서 지내야 했다. 1945년 해방을 맞고도 곧바로 귀국하지 못했던 그녀가 고국으로 돌아온 것은 1962년이었다.
제국이 사라진 뒤에도 황족으로 불렸지만, 정작 살 곳과 돌아올 때조차 마음대로 정하기 어려웠던 이들에게 그 이름은 어떤 의미였을까?
Take the City Tonight—or Die Together.
In June 1767, Siam—in present-day Thailand—had lost its capital, Ayutthaya, to a Burmese invasion two months earlier.
“Tomorrow morning we will take our breakfast inside the city.”
A royal chronicle records Taksin’s order before the assault on Chanthaburi.
First, his soldiers were to finish dinner.
Then throw away the remaining food.
Then smash their cooking pots.
Taksin had escaped before the capital fell. He was gathering an army in the east. But Chanthaburi’s local ruler refused to join him and shut the city gates.
Now Taksin committed his men to taking the city that night. Their next breakfast was behind its walls.
Thai and Chinese soldiers moved into position.
They waited for the signal.
Then the assault began.
The chronicle describes Taksin riding an elephant toward the gate under gunfire.
The gate broke.
His soldiers rushed through.
The ruler fled.
Chanthaburi became his base for gathering troops, provisions and ships.
By November, his forces had returned to defeat the Burmese garrison near Ayutthaya—about seven months after the capital’s fall.
He established a new capital at Thonburi and became King Taksin, remembered in Thailand for restoring Siam’s independence.
Their capital had fallen.
Their resistance had not ended.
Who could say a country was finished while people were still willing to fight for it?
JOHAN retweeted
백제 풍납토성(風納土城).
'풍납'이라는 이름이 붙은 이유는, 토성의 위치가 오늘날 서울특별시 송파구 풍납동에 있어서라고 합니다. 즉 당대에 실제로 사용된 명칭은 아닙니다.
오늘날에는 백제 초기의 수도인 '위례성(慰禮城)'이 바로 풍납토성을 가리키는 것으로 추정되며, 몽촌토성과 함께 수도의 중요한 지역으로 운영된 듯합니다.
정확한 건설 연도는 알 수 없지만, 대략 3세기 중반 정도로 보고 있는 것 같습니다.
이곳이 남하하는 고구려에 의해 함락되고, 백제가 수도를 남쪽으로 옮기면서 역사가 크게 바뀌기 시작하죠.
이렇게 모형으로 구현된 모습을 보니, 단순히 글로만 역사를 볼 때보다 훨씬 상상도 잘되고 이야기가 다채롭게 느껴지네요.
저 곳에서 백제와 고구려가 치열한 전쟁을 했을 것이라고 상상하니 가슴이 웅장해집니다🤣
사진 속의 모형은 서울 한성백제박물관에서 보실 수 있습니다.
저도 직접 가봤는데 모형도 엄청 크게 잘 구현되어 있어서 좋았습니다😆
A Thai Pilot Survived Being Shot Down. He Blamed His Own Side’s Plan.
“They were already waiting.”
Thai OV-10 pilot Pairoj was shot down and captured during the 1987–1988 border war with Laos.
Years later, he challenged the military’s explanation of his loss. He blamed planners for repeating the previous day’s attack plan.
On the ground, Thai troops were trying to take Hill 1428.
Thailand and Laos both claimed the border area around Ban Rom Klao. Disputes over the boundary and logging had escalated into artillery fire, ground assaults and air strikes.
Thailand had superior equipment. The defenders had prepared positions, mines and the advantage of higher ground.
Thai troops advanced around the hill. They could not take its summit by assault before the ceasefire.
Even the Royal Thai Air Force’s own magazine later acknowledged that better equipment had not overcome the Lao advantage in terrain.
A Thai ranger’s recollection raised another question: supplies often failed to reach the front, and artillery support was poor, he said.
These were criticisms from men who had fought there.
Thailand’s announced death toll was 147 soldiers across the conflict. It also lost an F-5 and an OV-10.
On 19 February 1988, both sides agreed to stop firing and withdraw three kilometres from the line of contact.
Readers: how were you taught to remember Ban Rom Klao—as a defence of the country, a failure of command, or both?
They Came to See Korea’s Emperor. They Were Told to Carry Japan’s Flag.
“You must carry a Japanese flag to enter.”
The students had come to greet their own emperor.
Japanese police stood in their way.
It was 1909. Sunjong, Korea’s last emperor, was touring the northwest of his country.
Korea was already under Japan’s protectorate rule. The Japanese authorities had helped arrange the tour to soften hostility toward their rule. Resident-General Itō Hirobumi accompanied the emperor.
The train carried Sunjong through Pyongyang, Sinuiju and other cities on an eight-day journey.
But greeting the Korean emperor came with a demand: display Japan’s flag alongside Korea’s.
Students from Daeseong School and Christian schools in Pyongyang refused.
According to the Daehan Maeil Sinbo newspaper, police blocked them from entering the emperor’s temporary residence. When they pressed forward, a policeman told them to lower the Korean flag.
The students walked away in anger.
Another group of students from Samhwa was told to attach even a small Japanese flag emblem to their heads.
They refused and left too.
Police summoned Daeseong’s headmaster, Ahn Chang-ho, and questioned his refusal.
His answer challenged the ceremony’s entire logic: Itō was accompanying the emperor. Why should Koreans display a foreign flag for a member of their own emperor’s entourage?
The newspaper reported the confrontations on 4 and 5 February.
Japan had tried to use loyalty to Korea’s emperor to make its own domination more acceptable.
The students’ loyalty had not made them obedient to Japan.
The following year, Japan annexed Korea. Sunjong lost his imperial title.
Why did Koreans have to carry Japan’s flag to greet their own emperor?
