Yes it sucks to spend $200 on a bad antibody. That undoubtedly adds to the cost of doing research. But the total costs of this fraud are *MUCH* larger. Most people recognize the enormous *time* cost of this fraud - every basic scientist has wasted days trying to make bad antibodies work. But what productive use could that time have been used for? What discoveries *weren’t* made because of this? (Opportunity cost) It’s even harder to measure the cost of false positives. How many drug candidates made it to phase 1 testing because of bad antibodies? Is this why so many drugs fail in phase 1? How many patients were harmed by ineffective therapies developed using bad antibodies? (Human cost) How many hundreds of billions do failed phase 1 studies add to the cost of drug development, and indirectly to overall healthcare costs? We’re all paying for this fraud whether you’ve ever pipetted or not. The companies that are deliberately selling bad antibodies should be held accountable for these costs.